Authentication
Host-Based Authentication in Pigsty, how to manage HBA rules in Pigsty?
Host-Based Authentication in Pigsty, how to manage HBA rules in Pigsty?
Host-Based Authentication in Pigsty
PostgreSQL has various authentication methods. You can use all of them, while pigsty’s battery-include ACL system focuses on HBA, password, and SSL authentication.
Client Authentication
To connect to a PostgreSQL database, the user has to be authenticated (with a password by default).
You can provide the password in the connection string (not secure) or use the PGPASSWORD env or .pgpass file. Check psql docs and PostgreSQL connection string for more details.
psql 'host=<host> port=<port> dbname=<dbname> user=<username> password=<password>'
psql postgres://<username>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<dbname>
PGPASSWORD=<password>; psql -U <username> -h <host> -p <port> -d <dbname>
The default connection string for the meta database:
psql 'host=10.10.10.10 port=5432 dbname=meta user=dbuser_dba password=DBUser.DBA'
psql postgres://dbuser_dba:[email protected]:5432/meta
PGPASSWORD=DBUser.DBA; psql -U dbuser_dba -h 10.10.10.10 -p 5432 -d meta
To connect with the SSL certificate, you can use the PGSSLCERT and PGSSLKEY env or sslkey & sslcert parameters.
psql 'postgres://dbuser_dba:[email protected]:5432/meta?sslkey=/path/to/dbuser_dba.key&sslcert=/path/to/dbuser_dba.crt'
While the client certificate (CN = username) can be issued with local CA & cert.yml.
Define HBA
There are four parameters for HBA Rules in Pigsty:
Which are array of hba rule objects, and each hba rule is one of the following forms:
- title: allow intranet password access
role: common
rules:
- host all all 10.0.0.0/8 md5
- host all all 172.16.0.0/12 md5
- host all all 192.168.0.0/16 md5
In the form, the title will be rendered as a comment line, followed by the rules as hba string one by one.
An HBA Rule is installed when the instance’s pg_role is the same as the role.
HBA Rule with role: common will be installed on all instances.
HBA Rule with role: offline will be installed on instances with pg_role = offline or pg_offline_query = true.
The alias form, which replace rules with addr, auth, user, and db fields.
- addr: 'intra' # world|intra|infra|admin|local|localhost|cluster|<cidr>
auth: 'pwd' # trust|pwd|ssl|cert|deny|<official auth method>
user: 'all' # all|${dbsu}|${repl}|${admin}|${monitor}|<user>|<group>
db: 'all' # all|replication|....
rules: [] # raw hba string precedence over above all
title: allow intranet password access
addr: where
world: all IP addressesintra: all intranet cidr: '10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.168.0.0/16'infra: IP addresses of infra nodesadmin: admin_ip addresslocal: local unix socketlocalhost: local unix socket + tcp 127.0.0.1/32cluster: all IP addresses of pg cluster members<cidr>: any standard CIDR blocks or IP addresses
auth: how
deny: reject accesstrust: trust authenticationpwd: use md5 or scram-sha-256 password auth according to pg_pwd_encsha/scram-sha-256: enforce scram-sha-256 password authenticationmd5: md5 password authenticationssl: enforce host ssl in addition to pwd authssl-md5: enforce host ssl in addition to md5 password authssl-sha: enforce host ssl in addition to scram-sha-256 password authos/ident: use ident os user authenticationpeer: use peer authenticationcert: use certificate-based client authentication
user: who
db: which
all: all databasesreplication: replication database- ad hoc database name
3. Where to Define
Typically, global HBA is defined in all.vars. If you want to modify the global default HBA rules, you can copy from the full.yml template to all.vars for modification.
Cluster-specific HBA rules are defined in the cluster-level configuration of the database:
Here are some examples of cluster HBA rule definitions.
pg-meta:
hosts: { 10.10.10.10: { pg_seq: 1, pg_role: primary } }
vars:
pg_cluster: pg-meta
pg_hba_rules:
- { user: dbuser_view ,db: all ,addr: infra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'allow grafana dashboard access cmdb from infra nodes'}
- { user: all ,db: all ,addr: 100.0.0.0/8 ,auth: pwd ,title: 'all user access all db from kubernetes cluster' }
- { user: '${admin}' ,db: world ,addr: 0.0.0.0/0 ,auth: cert ,title: 'all admin world access with client cert' }
Reload HBA
To reload postgres/pgbouncer hba rules:
bin/pgsql-hba <cls> # reload hba rules of cluster `<cls>`
bin/pgsql-hba <cls> ip1 ip2... # reload hba rules of specific instances
The underlying command: are:
./pgsql.yml -l <cls> -e pg_reload=true -t pg_hba
./pgsql.yml -l <cls> -e pg_reload=true -t pgbouncer_hba,pgbouncer_reload
Default HBA
Pigsty has a default set of HBA rules, which is pretty secure for most cases.
The rules are self-explained in alias form.
pg_default_hba_rules: # postgres default host-based authentication rules
- {user: '${dbsu}' ,db: all ,addr: local ,auth: ident ,title: 'dbsu access via local os user ident' }
- {user: '${dbsu}' ,db: replication ,addr: local ,auth: ident ,title: 'dbsu replication from local os ident' }
- {user: '${repl}' ,db: replication ,addr: localhost ,auth: pwd ,title: 'replicator replication from localhost'}
- {user: '${repl}' ,db: replication ,addr: intra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'replicator replication from intranet' }
- {user: '${repl}' ,db: postgres ,addr: intra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'replicator postgres db from intranet' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: all ,addr: localhost ,auth: pwd ,title: 'monitor from localhost with password' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: all ,addr: infra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'monitor from infra host with password'}
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: infra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'admin @ infra nodes with pwd & ssl' }
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: world ,auth: ssl ,title: 'admin @ everywhere with ssl & pwd' }
- {user: '+dbrole_readonly',db: all ,addr: localhost ,auth: pwd ,title: 'pgbouncer read/write via local socket'}
- {user: '+dbrole_readonly',db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'read/write biz user via password' }
- {user: '+dbrole_offline' ,db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'allow etl offline tasks from intranet'}
pgb_default_hba_rules: # pgbouncer default host-based authentication rules
- {user: '${dbsu}' ,db: pgbouncer ,addr: local ,auth: peer ,title: 'dbsu local admin access with os ident'}
- {user: 'all' ,db: all ,addr: localhost ,auth: pwd ,title: 'allow all user local access with pwd' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: pgbouncer ,addr: intra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'monitor access via intranet with pwd' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: all ,addr: world ,auth: deny ,title: 'reject all other monitor access addr' }
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'admin access via intranet with pwd' }
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: world ,auth: deny ,title: 'reject all other admin access addr' }
- {user: 'all' ,db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: pwd ,title: 'allow all user intra access with pwd' }
Example: Rendered pg_hba.conf
#==============================================================#
# File : pg_hba.conf
# Desc : Postgres HBA Rules for pg-meta-1 [primary]
# Time : 2023-01-11 15:19
# Host : pg-meta-1 @ 10.10.10.10:5432
# Path : /pg/data/pg_hba.conf
# Note : ANSIBLE MANAGED, DO NOT CHANGE!
# Author : Ruohang Feng ([email protected])
# License : AGPLv3
#==============================================================#
# addr alias
# local : /var/run/postgresql
# admin : 10.10.10.10
# infra : 10.10.10.10
# intra : 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16
# user alias
# dbsu : postgres
# repl : replicator
# monitor : dbuser_monitor
# admin : dbuser_dba
# dbsu access via local os user ident [default]
local all postgres ident
# dbsu replication from local os ident [default]
local replication postgres ident
# replicator replication from localhost [default]
local replication replicator scram-sha-256
host replication replicator 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
# replicator replication from intranet [default]
host replication replicator 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
host replication replicator 172.16.0.0/12 scram-sha-256
host replication replicator 192.168.0.0/16 scram-sha-256
# replicator postgres db from intranet [default]
host postgres replicator 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
host postgres replicator 172.16.0.0/12 scram-sha-256
host postgres replicator 192.168.0.0/16 scram-sha-256
# monitor from localhost with password [default]
local all dbuser_monitor scram-sha-256
host all dbuser_monitor 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
# monitor from infra host with password [default]
host all dbuser_monitor 10.10.10.10/32 scram-sha-256
# admin @ infra nodes with pwd & ssl [default]
hostssl all dbuser_dba 10.10.10.10/32 scram-sha-256
# admin @ everywhere with ssl & pwd [default]
hostssl all dbuser_dba 0.0.0.0/0 scram-sha-256
# pgbouncer read/write via local socket [default]
local all +dbrole_readonly scram-sha-256
host all +dbrole_readonly 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
# read/write biz user via password [default]
host all +dbrole_readonly 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
host all +dbrole_readonly 172.16.0.0/12 scram-sha-256
host all +dbrole_readonly 192.168.0.0/16 scram-sha-256
# allow etl offline tasks from intranet [default]
host all +dbrole_offline 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
host all +dbrole_offline 172.16.0.0/12 scram-sha-256
host all +dbrole_offline 192.168.0.0/16 scram-sha-256
# allow application database intranet access [common] [DISABLED]
#host kong dbuser_kong 10.0.0.0/8 md5
#host bytebase dbuser_bytebase 10.0.0.0/8 md5
#host grafana dbuser_grafana 10.0.0.0/8 md5
Example: Rendered pgb_hba.conf
#==============================================================#
# File : pgb_hba.conf
# Desc : Pgbouncer HBA Rules for pg-meta-1 [primary]
# Time : 2023-01-11 15:28
# Host : pg-meta-1 @ 10.10.10.10:5432
# Path : /etc/pgbouncer/pgb_hba.conf
# Note : ANSIBLE MANAGED, DO NOT CHANGE!
# Author : Ruohang Feng ([email protected])
# License : AGPLv3
#==============================================================#
# PGBOUNCER HBA RULES FOR pg-meta-1 @ 10.10.10.10:6432
# ansible managed: 2023-01-11 14:30:58
# addr alias
# local : /var/run/postgresql
# admin : 10.10.10.10
# infra : 10.10.10.10
# intra : 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16
# user alias
# dbsu : postgres
# repl : replicator
# monitor : dbuser_monitor
# admin : dbuser_dba
# dbsu local admin access with os ident [default]
local pgbouncer postgres peer
# allow all user local access with pwd [default]
local all all scram-sha-256
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
# monitor access via intranet with pwd [default]
host pgbouncer dbuser_monitor 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
host pgbouncer dbuser_monitor 172.16.0.0/12 scram-sha-256
host pgbouncer dbuser_monitor 192.168.0.0/16 scram-sha-256
# reject all other monitor access addr [default]
host all dbuser_monitor 0.0.0.0/0 reject
# admin access via intranet with pwd [default]
host all dbuser_dba 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
host all dbuser_dba 172.16.0.0/12 scram-sha-256
host all dbuser_dba 192.168.0.0/16 scram-sha-256
# reject all other admin access addr [default]
host all dbuser_dba 0.0.0.0/0 reject
# allow all user intra access with pwd [default]
host all all 10.0.0.0/8 scram-sha-256
host all all 172.16.0.0/12 scram-sha-256
host all all 192.168.0.0/16 scram-sha-256
Security Enhancement
For those critical cases, we have a security.yml template with the following hba rule set as a reference:
pg_default_hba_rules: # postgres host-based auth rules by default
- {user: '${dbsu}' ,db: all ,addr: local ,auth: ident ,title: 'dbsu access via local os user ident' }
- {user: '${dbsu}' ,db: replication ,addr: local ,auth: ident ,title: 'dbsu replication from local os ident' }
- {user: '${repl}' ,db: replication ,addr: localhost ,auth: ssl ,title: 'replicator replication from localhost'}
- {user: '${repl}' ,db: replication ,addr: intra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'replicator replication from intranet' }
- {user: '${repl}' ,db: postgres ,addr: intra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'replicator postgres db from intranet' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: all ,addr: localhost ,auth: pwd ,title: 'monitor from localhost with password' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: all ,addr: infra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'monitor from infra host with password'}
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: infra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'admin @ infra nodes with pwd & ssl' }
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: world ,auth: cert ,title: 'admin @ everywhere with ssl & cert' }
- {user: '+dbrole_readonly',db: all ,addr: localhost ,auth: ssl ,title: 'pgbouncer read/write via local socket'}
- {user: '+dbrole_readonly',db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'read/write biz user via password' }
- {user: '+dbrole_offline' ,db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'allow etl offline tasks from intranet'}
pgb_default_hba_rules: # pgbouncer host-based authentication rules
- {user: '${dbsu}' ,db: pgbouncer ,addr: local ,auth: peer ,title: 'dbsu local admin access with os ident'}
- {user: 'all' ,db: all ,addr: localhost ,auth: pwd ,title: 'allow all user local access with pwd' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: pgbouncer ,addr: intra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'monitor access via intranet with pwd' }
- {user: '${monitor}' ,db: all ,addr: world ,auth: deny ,title: 'reject all other monitor access addr' }
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'admin access via intranet with pwd' }
- {user: '${admin}' ,db: all ,addr: world ,auth: deny ,title: 'reject all other admin access addr' }
- {user: 'all' ,db: all ,addr: intra ,auth: ssl ,title: 'allow all user intra access with pwd' }